Glossary

Selfless acts that demonstrate regard for or devotion to the well-being of others, without expecting anything in return. Research shows that while acts of altruism are often observed during times of crisis or disaster, they tend to diminish over time as the immediate threat or need subsides. Studies also suggest that altruistic behaviors can be influenced by social, emotional, and situational factors, such as empathy, moral beliefs, and the presence of others engaging in similar acts.
A type of loss that lacks clarity or closure, making it difficult to fully grieve or move on. It occurs when a person is physically present but psychologically absent (e.g., dementia) or physically absent but psychologically present (e.g., missing persons, estranged relationships).  Ambiguous loss creates emotional uncertainty and often goes unrecognized—leaving people stuck between hope and sorrow without the resolution traditional grieving allows.
The perception that social norms, values, or structures are breaking down within one’s community—leading to feelings of disconnection, isolation, or purposelessness. On an individual level, anomie is experienced as alienation, personal unrest, or uncertainty about one’s place in society. As highlighted by Gordon Allport in The Nature of Prejudice, heightened feelings of anomie can increase prejudice by driving people to seek security in rigid ideologies, group identity, or scapegoating—especially during times of social change or instability.

A feeling of unease, worry, or tension about something uncertain or potentially threatening. Anxiety often shows up in both the body and the mind—through rapid heartbeat, shallow breathing, tense muscles, or racing thoughts. It can also affect how we think, leading to patterns like catastrophizing, overthinking, or expecting the worst. Unlike fear, which responds to an immediate threat, anxiety is typically future-focused and more generalized. Anxiety is a common and natural response, but when it starts to interfere with daily life, support can help. If you’re feeling overwhelmed or stuck in anxious thought patterns, you can call or text 988 to reach the Suicide & Crisis Lifeline—confidential and available 24/7.
A process by which individuals or groups adopt the language, values, norms, or behaviors of a dominant culture—often in ways that require them to downplay, hide, or abandon their own cultural identity. Assimilation can occur voluntarily or as a result of social or institutional pressure. In national, organizational, or community contexts, assimilation may be framed as unity or efficiency—but it can erode cultural well-being when it discourages authenticity or marginalizes difference.
A person’s emotional or evaluative response toward a situation, idea, person, or group. Attitudes reflect how we feel or react in the moment and are often shaped by personal experiences, beliefs, emotions, and biases.  Attitudes are flexible and can shift over time—they reveal how we interpret specific situations through the lens of our current mood, values, expectations, and unconscious influences.
The recognized or formal right to make decisions, give direction, or enforce rules within a system or structure—such as a workplace, institution, or community. Authority carries not only power but also responsibility, particularly when it influences the safety, health, and well-being of others. Whether in the workplace or the community, authority shapes culture, sets expectations, and impacts psychological safety. It carries a responsibility to act with integrity, empathy, and awareness of how decisions affect the well-being of others.
A powerful emotional response of wonder, reverence, or amazement in the presence of something vast, beautiful, or deeply meaningful. Awe often arises when we encounter something that challenges our usual understanding and expands our sense of perspective. In positive psychology, awe is linked to greater well-being—it can quiet the ego, foster gratitude, and promote a sense of connection to others and the world.

An active and often emotional reaction against perceived or actual change—typically triggered when individuals or groups feel their values, identity, or sense of control is being threatened. Backlash may aim to reverse progress, discredit change efforts, or reassert the previous norm. Backlash is not just resistance—it’s a defensive push to restore familiarity or dominance, often rooted in fear of loss or disruption to deeply held beliefs.
A phenomenon where gradual changes in a system, organization, or environment are normalized over time, leading people to adjust their expectations and perceptions of what is "normal" or acceptable.
A set of values, principles, or assumptions that shape how a person perceives the world and their attitudes. Belief systems influence thoughts, behaviors, decision-making, and how individuals interpret right and wrong, truth, and meaning. Belief systems often operate beneath conscious awareness, guiding how people make sense of experience and reinforcing patterns of thinking that shape identity and action.
A mental shortcut that simplifies complex issues by dividing them into two opposing extremes—such as good or bad or right and wrong—without allowing space for nuance, ambiguity, or middle ground. In decision-making, this black-and-white approach often leads to oversimplified choices and limits the ability to consider multiple perspectives or subtle differences, which can hinder effective problem-solving and increase conflict.

Simple techniques or habits you can use to boost focus, memory, mood, or mental clarity—helping your brain work smarter, not harder.
Healthy habits that help the brain focus, process information, adapt to change, and manage stress—supporting mental clarity, emotional balance, psychological well-being, strong social connections, and a positive impact on physical health.
Benevolent goodwill toward or love of humanity.
Web content designed to attract attention and encourage visitors to click on a link, often using sensationalized or exaggerated headlines. While it can drive traffic, recent research shows that excessive exposure to clickbait can negatively impact mental well-being by creating stress, confusion, or dissatisfaction, as it often leads to misleading or shallow content. In the long term, the manipulation of emotions through clickbait may contribute to information overload, erode trust, and negatively affect emotional regulation.
The use of online platforms and social media to support or advocate for social, political, or environmental causes with minimal effort, often through actions like liking, sharing, or signing petitions. While it can raise awareness, research suggests that clicktivism may not foster the same level of human connection or long-term engagement as traditional activism. Studies show that actions taken with minimal effort may not lead to deeper involvement or create meaningful relationships, which are essential for sustained impact and personal growth.
Long-term alterations in average temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may occur naturally—from changes in solar activity or major volcanic eruptions—but since the 1800s, they have been overwhelmingly driven by corporate activities, particularly the large-scale extraction and burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas. The frequency of billion-dollar weather-related disasters in the U.S. has risen to approximately one every 18 days since 1980, increasingly affecting financial well-being through rising insurance costs and economic disruption.
The presence of different ways of thinking, problem-solving, and perceiving information within a group or organization. It highlights the value of diverse cognitive approaches shaped by individuals' unique experiences, backgrounds, and perspectives. This variety can enhance creativity, innovation, and decision-making by bringing together different problem-solving strategies and ways of processing information.
A group of individuals who are connected by a shared geographic location, identity, interest, or purpose. Communities can be place-based or identity-based and are defined by a sense of belonging, mutual concern, and the potential for collective action to support well-being and shared goals.
The shared values, beliefs, traditions, customs, and social norms that shape interactions within a specific group or community. It evolves through the collective experiences of its members and influences how people communicate, solve problems, make decisions, and engage with each other and their environment.
The overall quality of life shaped by the social, economic, environmental, cultural, and political conditions that allow individuals—and the communities they identify with—to feel safe, supported, and able to thrive. It includes relationships with institutions, systems, and shared spaces, whether in a geographic area or among identity-based communities. Community well-being also reflects the resilience of people coming together in times of adversity to protect, care for, and uplift one another. Community well-being is not just about resources—it’s about trust, equity, and how communities respond to challenges with resilience, inclusion, and a shared vision for the common good.
derived from the Latin compati (“to suffer with”), is the act of empathy-driven effort to relieve the suffering or distress of others through understanding, care, and purposeful action. It reflects a deep awareness of another’s pain, accompanied by the desire and motivation to ease it.
A thought or abstract idea conceived in the mind that helps organize, interpret, and make sense of the world.
A sense of satisfaction and ease with one’s current situation or life. Contentment doesn’t require perfection—it reflects acceptance and appreciation for what is, rather than longing for what is not. Contentment nurtures emotional resilience by reducing comparison, increasing gratitude, and supporting sustainable well-being.
The customary beliefs, social norms, and shared practices or expressions of an ethnic, religious, or social group. It encompasses how people live, communicate, celebrate, and make meaning within their community.
An approach to engaging with individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds that emphasizes openness, self-awareness, and curiosity. It involves a respectful attitude toward cultural differences and acknowledges personal biases, prioritizing mutual understanding over assumptions.
A social condition or organizational environment where multiple cultural identities, traditions, or perspectives are recognized, respected, and allowed to coexist without being forced to conform to a dominant culture. Cultural pluralism encourages mutual enrichment through diversity rather than uniformity. In communities, nations, and workplaces, cultural pluralism supports inclusion, innovation, and resilience by honoring differences and enabling meaningful participation across cultural backgrounds.
Factual information—whether in the form of numbers, observations, or narratives—used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or decision-making. In community and mental well-being contexts, both quantitative and qualitative data shape how issues are understood, communicated, and addressed.
Comes from the Latin word "debatere," meaning "to fight or contend." It refers to a structured argument where individuals present, challenge, and defend different viewpoints on a specific topic.
A negative emotional state that can range from sadness and discontent to deep feelings of hopelessness, pessimism, and withdrawal. Depression can interfere with daily life and is often accompanied by changes in sleep, appetite, energy, concentration, motivation, and social connection. It may be a response to life circumstances or a symptom of a mental health disorder. 

Depression is treatable, and help is available. If you or someone you know is struggling, you can call or text 988 to connect with the Suicide & Crisis Lifeline—available 24/7 for support and resources.
Means "through words" or "conversation." It refers to the process of exchanging ideas, opinions, or information through spoken or written communication.
Literally means "to shake apart" or "to examine" a topic by breaking it down into its components and exploring different aspects through conversation.
False or misleading information that is deliberately created and spread with the intention to deceive, manipulate, or cause harm.
A set of principles, beliefs, or doctrines that established as true by an authority.
The compulsive act of continuously browsing negative or distressing online content, often leading to increased anxiety, stress, or disrupted sleep, and impacting overall mental and digital well-being.
An individual’s belief in their ability to successfully perform a specific task or achieve a particular goal. This belief influences motivation, perseverance, and the approach to challenges. In psychological terms, self-efficacy impacts how people think, feel, and act, shaping their responses to stress and their likelihood of pursuing goals.
The capacity to understand emotions in ourselves and others, express and regulate those emotions in healthy ways, and respond effectively to life’s challenges and stressors. It includes being attuned to positive emotions and moments of joy, even when the instinctual parts of the brain are wired to prioritize negative feelings like fear, anger, or sadness.  Negative emotions are often stronger and more persistent, emotional well-being involves intentionally recognizing and cultivating positive emotions—such as gratitude, love, and hope—to build resilience, foster empathy, and support meaningful relationships and mental health.
The ability to emotionally understand and share in another person’s thoughts, feelings, or experiences. While empathy involves feeling with others, it can motivate compassion—the intention to take action to support or relieve their suffering.
The physical, natural, built, home, and virtual surroundings that individuals interact with in daily life. It shapes how people think, feel, and act—affecting behavior, well-being, and decision-making. Changes in the environment, whether social, structural, or digital, can lead to changes in individual and collective behavior.
A state of living in harmony with your surroundings, where the physical, natural , and virtual environment supports your health, safety, and sense of peace. It involves minimizing your environmental impact, appreciating and engaging with the natural world, and creating personal spaces that foster calm, clarity, and comfort—through sights, sounds, scents, and intentional organization.
A rapid spread of a disease within a specific population or geographic area over a short time and exceeding the expected number of cases. 
The condition in which all individuals are given the same rights, status, and opportunities—regardless of their background or circumstances. In the context of well-being, equality supports fairness and dignity by ensuring everyone has access to the same resources and conditions needed to thrive.
The fair and just distribution of resources, opportunities, and treatment based on individual and community needs. It recognizes that different people face different barriers and seeks to remove those obstacles so everyone can achieve optimal well-being.
A set of moral principles or a system of values that guide what is considered right and wrong behavior, rooted in philosophical reflection on how we ought to live and treat others.
The process of gaining confidence, skills, and the ability to make informed decisions and take meaningful action in one’s own life. Individual empowerment involves a growing sense of self-worth, agency, and the belief that one can influence outcomes and overcome barriers. Empowerment supports well-being by fostering personal autonomy, resilience, and the capacity to turn knowledge and values into purposeful action.
The study of the origin and historical development of words and how their meanings evolve over time.  Because language reflects the beliefs and values of a society, etymology also reveals how culture shapes—and is shaped by—the evolution of meaning over time.
Incorrect or misleading data, statements, or information without the intent to deceive.
A person’s sense of security and satisfaction with their current financial situation, along with their confidence in maintaining or improving it over time. It includes the capacity to meet basic needs, manage financial obligations like debt, and handle unexpected expenses without excessive stress.  Financial well-being is not only about income or savings—it reflects a person’s relationship with money, including their level of control, stability, and ability to make choices that support their goals. Because financial strain can trigger chronic stress responses, undermine mental and physical health, and limit access to essential resources, sensitivity to debt, housing costs, and income instability plays a critical role in overall well-being.

A  belief system that views a person’s abilities, intelligence, and talents as static traits—unchangeable and fixed. It often leads to focusing on accomplishments and external motivators as the primary measures of success, which can limit motivation to grow or learn.
A mental state of deep focus and full engagement in an activity, where time seems to fade and performance feels effortless.
A person who lives with a sense of inner freedom—unbound by convention, social expectation, or dogma. A free spirit values authenticity, curiosity, and autonomy, often seeking wisdom through self-exploration and lived experience. In Nietzsche’s philosophy, the free spirit questions inherited beliefs and strives to create meaning beyond comfort or conformity.
A person who forms beliefs and opinions based on reason, evidence, and critical thinking rather than authority, tradition, or dogma. Freethinkers prioritize intellectual independence and are often skeptical of claims that lack rational justification. Freethinkers value inquiry over conformity—challenging assumptions and encouraging open dialogue.
The act of giving time, energy, care, or resources freely and with compassion—rooted in a spiritual understanding that fulfillment comes not just from what we receive, but from what we offer to others. Generosity reflects a belief in shared humanity and the value of service. Generosity nourishes well-being when done with love, humility, and without expectation of reward—strengthening connection, trust, and a sense of dignity.
The practice of affirming the good in our lives and recognizing that much of it comes from sources outside ourselves. It involves acknowledging acts of kindness, support, or gifts—big or small—that contribute to our well-being, whether from other people, communities, or something greater.

A natural and personal response to loss, marked by a range of emotional experiences—from sadness and longing to anguish. Grief is not a single feeling, but a process of adjusting to change, coping with absence, and finding meaning in what was lost. Grief is a nonlinear process that may last for several months or up to two years. It affects the mind and body and often unfolds in waves—shaped by the nature of the loss, personal history, and available support.
A belief system that views abilities, intelligence, and talents as qualities that can be developed through effort, learning, and perseverance. It focuses on potential and progress over fixed accomplishments, valuing resilience and intrinsic motivation rather than external validation.
A temporary emotional state of pleasure, contentment, or satisfaction that arises from positive experiences or external circumstances.  The word happiness shares its root with hap, meaning luck or chance—reminding us that happiness often depends on external events, timing, or fortune.
A type of passion where individuals engage in an activity because they genuinely enjoy it and find it meaningful.
The capacity to envision a potential path toward a better future and to create new or alternate ways to overcome obstacles or adversity.
Fundamental rights and freedoms that belong to every person, regardless of nationality, race, gender, religion, or any other status. 

Core Human Rights and Freedoms (Simplified):
  1. Right to equality and non-discrimination
  2. Right to life, liberty, and personal security
  3. Freedom from slavery and torture
  4. Right to recognition as a person before the law
  5. Right to a fair trial
  6. Right to privacy
  7. Freedom of movement
  8. Right to asylum from persecution
  9. Right to nationality
  10. Right to marry and found a family
  11. Freedom of thought, conscience, and religion
  12. Freedom of opinion and expression
  13. Right to peaceful assembly and association
  14. Right to participate in government and free elections
  15. Right to social security
  16. Right to work and fair wages
  17. Right to rest and leisure
  18. Right to education
  19. Right to participate in the cultural life of the community
  20. Right to an adequate standard of living (including food, housing, and healthcare)

The recognition of our limitations and the willingness to engage with others as equals, grounded in self-awareness, openness, and respect. It invites us to listen, grow, and connect—valuing shared humanity over status or ego.
Principles, values, or standards of excellence that individuals or groups aspire to achieve.
The unconscious attitudes, stereotypes, or preferences that influence our judgments and behaviors toward people or situations. These biases are automatic and often operate outside of our conscious awareness, affecting how we perceive and interact with others.
The transmission of meaning through tone, body language, shared understanding, and contextual cues, rather than through direct or explicit language.
A surge of information—both accurate and false—that spreads rapidly and excessively, making it difficult for people to find trustworthy sources and reliable guidance. Often fueled by emotionally charged content, misinformation, and disinformation, an infodemic can overwhelm public understanding, increase anxiety, and erode trust in institutions, media, and each other.
Data or knowledge that conveys meaning or understanding about a specific subject or situation.
A state in which a person is exposed to more information than they can effectively process, manage, or use to make decisions.
The process of applying ideas, methods, or tools in new ways to solve problems, enhance experiences, or create added value.
Clear or deep understandings—often gained through reflection or experience—that help us see a subject, situation, or problem in a new way.
A psychological and behavioral tendency to resist change by maintaining familiar patterns, routines, or beliefs—even when they no longer serve well-being. Inertia often appears as passive resistance, such as avoidance, delay, or disengagement, and reflects a preference for stability, predictability, or comfort. Inertia is a quiet barrier to change—it preserves the status quo by default, making transformation difficult until discomfort outweighs familiarity.
The quality of being honest, consistent, and accountable in communications, actions, and decisions. It involves adhering to strong moral principles, demonstrating transparency and fairness—even when doing the morally right thing is unpopular—and recognizing the impact of one's privilege or authority on the well-being of others.
The state of actively engaging the mind through critical thinking, creativity, and continuous learning. It involves curiosity, open-mindedness, and a commitment to expanding knowledge and understanding throughout life.
A suffix used to describe a system of belief, ideology, practice, or doctrine—often forming organized worldviews or social structures. When embedded in institutions or culture, -isms can shape norms, influence identity, and legitimize certain values or hierarchies. While some -isms reflect personal values (like optimism or realism), others function as cultural or structural forces (like racism, sexism, or capitalism) that can reinforce social advantage, marginalization, or prejudice—often without conscious awareness.
A deep sense of calm, contentment, and inner peace that arises from within—often rooted in love, connection, gratitude, and meaning. Unlike happiness, joy is not dependent on circumstances and can persist even in the face of hardship or suffering.  Joy reflects a spiritual or meaningful connection to one’s life experiences. It grows from within and offers serenity, even when life feels uncertain or difficult.

The commitment to fairness, compassion, and moral integrity in creating and sustaining social systems. It involves ensuring equitable access to rights, resources, and opportunities, addressing power imbalances, and upholding ethical principles to promote dignity and well-being for all members of society.
A Japanese concept that literally means “distributing one’s attention or spirit.” It refers to the thoughtful and often subtle act of anticipating and responding to the unspoken needs of others. Kikubari is expressed through quiet, intentional gestures that promote harmony and well-being for others, without seeking recognition.  Kikubari carries a spiritual quality through its humble, other-focused nature—treating everyday actions as meaningful ways to support emotional harmony and human connection.
A sympathetic and caring orientation toward others, expressed through helpful or thoughtful actions. Kindness involves recognizing another’s needs or emotions and responding with generosity or support— without expecting anything in return. Acts of kindness enhances emotional and physical well-being for both giver and receiver. It reduces stress, boosts mood, and fosters connection by promoting a sense of shared humanity. Even simple acts of kindness can create lasting emotional benefits.
The quality or skill of guiding others and showing them the way by example. It involves inspiring and empowering individuals to grow and contribute, while fostering movement toward an inclusive goal or vision.
The process of acquiring knowledge, skills, behaviors, or attitudes through experience, study, reflection, or instruction. It can be generative—sparking new ideas, insights, or connections—and ongoing, shaping how we adapt, grow, and contribute over time.
The idea that people make decisions based on the information, constraints, and circumstances available to them in the moment. What seems logical or reasonable is shaped by their immediate environment, limited knowledge, and goals—rather than an all-knowing view of all possible outcomes.
A deep, caring connection marked by emotional closeness, trust, compromise, and a willingness to be vulnerable with others. Love involves mutual support, respect, and the desire to nurture another—especially within family and close relationships. It creates a sense of safety, belonging, and shared responsibility.
The ways individuals choose actions based on either what is considered appropriate in a given social context or what is expected to produce the best outcomes. Decisions may be shaped by norms, roles, and values (logic of appropriateness) or by anticipated consequences, costs, and benefits (logic of consequence).
The process by which individuals or groups are pushed to the edges of society—socially, economically, or politically—limiting their access to resources, opportunities, and decision-making power. It often results from systemic inequalities, discrimination, or social norms that devalue certain identities or experiences.
Health conditions that affect a person’s thoughts, emotions, mood, behavior, or ability to relate to others and manage daily life. These conditions can vary in duration and intensity, and may impact well-being, relationships, and functioning at home, work, or in the community.
Cognitive frameworks or internal representations that individuals use to understand, interpret, and respond to the world around them. They shape how we perceive information, make decisions, and approach problems—reflecting our learned experiences, values, and habitual ways of thinking.
The overall state of a person’s emotional, psychological, and cognitive health—and their ability to cope with stress, build healthy relationships, make thoughtful decisions, and engage meaningfully with life. It can be nurtured through self-awareness, supportive environments, and everyday practices that promote resilience and balance.
The practice of being fully present and aware of one’s thoughts, emotions, and experiences in the moment—without judgment. Mindfulness supports stress management by helping us observe our internal state with clarity, including patterns of subconscious thinking that often influence how we react and relate.  Mindfulness creates space between awareness and reaction—building emotional regulation, reducing stress, and fostering more intentional responses.
Beliefs, attitudes, inclinations, and assumptions that shape how a person views themselves, others, and the world. It influences how we interpret experiences, respond to challenges, and make decisions—and can be developed or changed over time through reflection and learning.
A belief or idea that is incorrect or based on faulty understanding, reasoning, or interpretation. It often stems from assumptions, limited knowledge, or misleading information.


False or inaccurate information that is shared without the intention to deceive. It can spread through misunderstandings, mistakes, or incomplete knowledge, often leading to confusion or misinformed decisions.
Truthful information that is shared with the intent to cause harm, mislead, or manipulate, often by exposing private or sensitive details out of context.
A state of positive psychological and emotional health in which individuals are able to cope with life’s challenges, maintain a sense of purpose, and form meaningful connections with others. Mental well-being is not just the absence of mental illness—it includes feeling balanced, confident, and capable. Mental well-being supports daily functioning, emotional resilience, and social connection. It helps people manage stress, maintain self-worth, and navigate life with clarity and stability.
A psychological process where individuals disconnect their moral standards from their behavior, allowing them to engage in unethical or harmful actions without feeling guild or remorse.
The act of reframing harmful or questionable behavior as acceptable by claiming it serves a greater moral, social, or ideological purpose.
A shared commitment to honoring each other’s dignity, rights, and perspectives—where individuals value contributions and accept differences within a framework of safety and accountability.  Mutual respect cannot be one-sided; it requires reciprocity and does not excuse harm, injustice, or the denial of another’s humanity.
Any interference, distortion, or distraction that disrupts the clarity, accuracy, or effective transmission of information.  Noise can be technical, emotional, cultural, or digital—anything that gets in the way of shared meaning.
The unwritten rules or shared expectations that guide what is considered acceptable behavior within a group, community, or society.  Norms often emerge through repeated behavior and shared beliefs—shaping culture over time. They can foster safety and inclusion (healthy norms) or reinforce exclusion, prejudice, or silence (harmful norms).  Norms can be so widely accepted that they become embedded in institutions—shaping court decisions, policies, and laws that reinforce or challenge cultural values.
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The sense of fulfillment, purpose, autonomy, and contribution that comes from meaningful roles—whether through paid employment, caregiving, volunteering, creative pursuits, or other productive activities. It reflects alignment between one’s values, interests, and life goals.  Occupational well-being includes feeling respected and supported in one’s environment, having opportunities for growth and learning, and maintaining a healthy balance between commitments and personal life. Occupational well-being recognizes that while work can be a source of purpose, a person’s identity and value extend beyond income-generating roles and evolve across life stages, including retirement.

The willingness to consider different perspectives with curiosity and respect, without rushing to judgment or allowing personal bias to dismiss others' perspectives. It involves creating space for dialogue, even when views differ, and being open to learning or re-evaluating one’s own beliefs.
The belief that positive outcomes are possible, even in the face of suffering, loss, or adversity. It involves maintaining hope and confidence in one’s ability to grow and adapt, while still acknowledging and processing difficult emotions. Unlike toxic positivity—which denies or minimizes pain—true optimism accepts reality as it is and holds space for both struggle and possibility.
The process of creating and promoting a narrative that certain individuals or groups are fundamentally different, less human, or inferior based on identity markers such as race, religion, gender, or background. This narrative has been used intentionally throughout history to justify discrimination, violence, and large-scale human rights violations by framing certain people as outsiders, scapegoats, or threats.
Patrimonialism is a form of governance in which all power flows directly from a leader, often a ruler or a dominant figure, who treats the state or organization as their personal property. This system blurs the lines between public and private interests, with loyalty and power often based on personal relationships rather than institutional rules. The term comes from German sociologist Max Weber. 
The process by which individuals interpret and make sense of sensory input, experiences, and surroundings to create meaning from their environment.  Perception filters reality—what we notice and how we interpret it is shaped by our experiences, beliefs, and attention.
The pursuit of flawlessness and the setting of unrealistically high standards for oneself—often accompanied by self-criticism, fear of failure, or difficulty accepting mistakes.  Perfectionism can appear goal-driven but often undermines well-being by linking self-worth to achievement or control.
A state of health and an outcome that reflects overall well-being. It involves the capacity of the body to maintain homeostasis—a stable internal environment—even in the face of stress or change. This balance is supported by daily habits like nourishing food, restful sleep, regular movement, stress regulation, and access to basic human needs.  Consistent healthy routines help regulate hormones that influence mood, energy, and immunity—such as increasing “good” hormones like serotonin, dopamine, and endorphins, while keeping “stress” hormones like cortisol in check. Physical well-being enables the body to function, recover, and adapt as it should, supporting both immediate health and long-term resilience.

A perspective shaped by individual or collective experiences, values, and systems—such as those found in academia, science, media, or business—that influences how issues are defined, interpreted, and communicated.  Point of view doesn’t just reflect opinion—it helps shape the narrative, framing what is considered valid, relevant, or important in public and professional discourse.
The general tone and dominant attitudes in political discourse—shaped by power structures, media narratives, and public sentiment—that influence how people think, speak, and relate around social and civic issues.  In polarized environments, the political climate can significantly shape the social climate—affecting trust, dialogue, and how safe people feel expressing themselves.
An environment where objective facts lose influence in shaping public opinion, and emotional appeals or personal beliefs take precedence over evidence or truth.   Post-truth world undermines trust—in institutions, information, and each other—which can erode mental well-being, social connection, and our shared sense of reality.
The condition of lacking enough material resources or income to meet basic human needs—such as food, shelter, clothing, health care, and education. Poverty is shaped by broader social factors—known as social determinants of health—including access to education, employment, housing, transportation, and social support. It limits opportunity, harms well-being, and reinforces cycles of disadvantage.
The ability to influence, direct, or control outcomes, behaviors, or beliefs—through authority, access, resources, or knowledge. Power can be earned through respect, skill, or service, or unearned through status, privilege, or structural advantage. It shapes who gets to make decisions, set priorities, and define the narratives that guide how people understand events and values. Power is not only held through position or force—it’s also embedded in language, storytelling, and systems. Those who hold power tend to shape what is discussed, whose perspectives are centered, and cultural norms.
The patterns of how power is distributed and exercised in relationships, groups, or systems—shaping who has influence, whose voices are heard, and how decisions are made. Power dynamics can be visible or subtle, and they often reflect underlying social, cultural, or institutional structures. Power dynamics affect equity, trust, and participation—impacting whether people feel safe, included, or silenced in personal, professional, or public spaces.
A preconceived opinion or judgment about an indiviA preconceived opinion or judgment about an individual or group that is not based on reason, direct experience, or factual knowledge.dual or group that is not based on reason, direct experience, or factual knowledge.  Prejudice often arises from stereotypes and social conditioning, shaping attitudes and behaviors long before conscious thought or personal contact.
What matters most in a given moment or context, guiding how we focus our time, energy, and attention. Originally singular in meaning, the modern use of “priorities” reflects a shift toward managing competing demands—but can also increase stress when everything is treated as urgent or essential. When priorities multiply without clarity, they become a source of stress—not direction. Reclaiming the essence of a true priority can protect well-being and support intentional decision-making.
A special advantage, access, or immunity available to a person or group—often unearned and rooted in social systems—that can affect how people experience opportunity, safety, and inclusion.  Privilege often operates beneath awareness—shaped by unconscious bias or justified as personal merit, rather than recognized as social advantage. It can influence whose voices are valued, whose needs are prioritized, and who gets to define the norm.
A condition of being successful or thriving—where success is defined personally and may include health, purpose, relationships, or security. While prosperity often includes economic well-being, it also reflects whether a person’s basic and psychological needs are being met, allowing them to grow, contribute, and feel fulfilled. Prosperity is not just about financial gain—it’s about having the stability and resources to pursue what matters most, aligned with one’s values and potential.
The ability to think clearly, understand our emotions, and relate to others in healthy, constructive ways. It reflects how we manage stress, process information, and navigate our own perspectives, biases, and interpersonal dynamics. Psychological well-being includes inner traits like personality, mental health, and self-awareness that support resilience, adaptability, and meaningful connection.  Psychological well-being is both internal and relational—it shapes how we experience ourselves, understand others, and engage with the world.
An environment where individuals feel safe to be themselves—to speak openly, ask questions, share ideas, or acknowledge mistakes—without fear of judgment, ridicule, or punishment. Psychological safety fosters trust, mutual respect, and open communication, making it possible for people to contribute fully, grow through vulnerability, and connect with others authentically.  Psychological safety is essential for inclusion and belonging—it allows people to show up as they are, without needing to hide parts of themselves to feel accepted.
Repeated or severe verbal or non-verbal acts—such as bullying, threats, intimidation, or humiliation—that harm a person’s dignity, mental health, or overall well-being.  Psychological violence doesn’t always come from a person in authority—but it often involves a power imbalance, where one person uses influence, status, or pressure to control, diminish, or silence another.
A state of mental and emotional health marked by self-acceptance, strong relationships, personal growth, autonomy, purpose, and the ability to manage life’s challenges. Psychological well-being reflects how individuals experience meaning and satisfaction in their lives—beyond just the absence of distress. Grounded in the work of psychologist Carol Ryff, this model of well-being highlights six core dimensions that support a fulfilling life. It emphasizes self-awareness, resilience, and living with intention—factors that strengthen emotional balance and long-term mental health.
The practice of introspective contemplation on our thoughts, attitudes, behaviors, interactions, and emotions. It involves stepping back from automatic reactions to examine our inner experience with honesty and curiosity. Rooted in both Western psychological traditions and Eastern philosophies such as mindfulness and self-inquiry, reflection emphasizes awareness without judgment. In Eastern traditions, reflection is not simply about analyzing the past but about cultivating presence—observing the self as part of a larger whole, and recognizing how ego, desire, or attachment may influence perception. Whether through journaling, meditation, or dialogue, reflection deepens our understanding, promotes growth, and helps align our actions with our values.
The ability to recover from setbacks, adapt to change, and persist through challenges—rooted in a sense of hope, optimism, and belief in one’s capacity to cope and grow. Resilience isn’t just about bouncing back—it’s about moving forward with perspective, purpose, and inner strength.
A person or group unfairly blamed for problems or negative outcomes, often to deflect attention from the true cause or to protect those in power. Scapegoating can create a false sense of control or unity, but it often causes real harm to those targeted—damaging reputations, relationships, and well-being while distracting from real solutions.
The mental process of focusing on specific information while tuning out distractions—shaping how we think, feel, and act in a given moment. It plays a key role in how we manage stress, make decisions, and respond to our environment.  Under stress, selective attention can lock us into loops of overthinking or worry—causing us to miss important cues, lose situational awareness, and unintentionally reinforce unhelpful behaviors.
The degree to which a person is aware of and reflective about their emotional and behavioral responses. It influences how well someone understands the roots of their stress and responds in different situations. 
A stable and enduring state of inner peace that remains steady even through trials and tribulations. Serenity is more than the absence of stress—it's a deep emotional grounding that supports clarity, acceptance, and calm. Serenity reduces stress by promoting emotional regulation and perspective. It supports mental well-being by helping people stay centered, even when life feels uncertain or challenging.
A natural and essential process that restores the body and refreshes the brain—supporting memory, mood, focus, and immune function. Quality sleep includes consistent timing, enough total sleep (typically 7–9 hours for adults), and minimal interruptions, allowing the brain to cycle through all necessary stages.  Poor or short sleep—especially when chronic—leads to sleep debt, which can impair thinking, increase stress, disrupt emotional regulation, and reduce overall well-being.
The cumulative effect of consistently getting less sleep than the body needs for optimal functioning. Over time, this shortfall builds up—leading to fatigue, impaired focus, mood changes, and weakened physical and mental health. Sleep debt is the cumulative shortfall—when you regularly get less sleep than your body needs. It can build gradually and sometimes be recovered with improved sleep habits.
A prolonged or severe lack of adequate sleep that disrupts brain function, physical health, and emotional well-being. It reduces the body’s ability to recover, regulate hormones, and clear toxins—leading to cognitive decline, immune dysfunction, and increased risk of chronic diseases. Sleep deprivation is linked to impaired judgment, memory loss, weakened immunity, and elevated risks of stroke, cancer, Alzheimer’s, weight gain, and heart disease. It is as dangerous as intoxication when driving or making decisions, and can even reduce the effectiveness of vaccines.
The shared tone and perceived norms of how people interact and treat each other within a group, institution, or society. It reflects levels of respect, inclusion, civility, or hostility in social spaces.  The social climate is shaped by cultural messages, power dynamics , and political discourse—and it can either foster psychological safety or reinforce fear, division, and silence.
The sense of belonging and emotional closeness that comes from feeling seen, valued, and supported in relationships with others—whether in a group, community, or daily interactions.  Social connectedness supports mental and physical well-being, while disconnection or isolation can increase stress, loneliness, and health risks.
An idea, norm, or concept that is created, shaped, and sustained through shared beliefs and social interactions—often accepted as “natural” or “true,” even though it can evolve over time and vary across cultures or generations.  Social constructs can feel fixed, but they are human-made—and can be questioned, redefined, or reshaped as society changes.
A situation where choices that benefit individuals in the short term lead to negative outcomes for the group as a whole—highlighting a conflict between personal interest and collective benefit. Social dilemmas often require cooperation, trust, or shared sacrifice to resolve—especially when systems reward individual gain over collective good.
The manipulation of individuals or groups using psychological tactics that exploit fear and anxiety to achieve specific objectives. This approach often involves creating or amplifying perceived threats or dangers to influence behavior.
A business or organization that uses market-based strategies to address social, environmental, or community challenges—prioritizing positive impact alongside financial sustainability. Social enterprises reinvest profits into their mission, aiming to create lasting change while operating with values-driven purpose.
A person’s sense of connection, belonging, and emotional support in their relationships with family, friends, and acquaintances. It reflects the quality of meaningful, authentic interactions that help people feel valued, understood, and supported in their everyday social world. Social well-being grows from consistent, healthy connections—not just how many people we know, but how deeply we feel seen and supported by them.
A journey toward becoming our most authentic and integrated self—guided by purpose, inner awareness, and a connection to something greater than ourselves. Spiritual well-being involves growth through seeking meaning, reflection, and moral living. It invites us to explore our consciousness, align with our values, and act with compassion—rooted in the belief that understanding ourselves is part of understanding the world. Spiritual well-being reflects a higher moral philosophy—an other-focused way of living rooted in the belief that doing what’s right matters more than doing what’s easy. It inspires compassion, courage, and the conviction to live with purpose, even in the face of adversity.
To grow, develop, and function at your best—when your basic needs are met and you have opportunities for connection, contribution, and personal growth. Thriving depends on supportive environments as well as inner strengths like resilience, curiosity, and self-belief. Thriving happens when people feel safe, valued, and able to contribute—not just surviving, but moving forward with meaning and momentum.
A mindset that affirms the value of pursuing meaning even in the midst of unavoidable suffering, uncertainty, or loss. Rooted in Viktor Frankl’s Man’s Search for Meaning, tragic optimism is not based on the expectation that everything will turn out well, but on the belief that we can choose our response to hardship. It recognizes that meaning may not lie in the suffering itself, but in how we relate to it—with dignity, courage, compassion, or responsibility. 

Tragic optimism honors pain without denying it—revealing our capacity to grow, act with moral clarity, and preserve inner freedom even when life feels unjust or out of our control.  

"When we are no longer able to change a situation, we are challenged to change ourselves." – Viktor Frankl
A state of being calm, quiet, and free from inner agitation or external disturbance. Tranquility reflects a peaceful emotional atmosphere, often marked by stillness in both the environment and the mind.
A political mindset or behavior shaped by deep loyalty to a specific group, party, or identity—often prioritizing group allegiance over shared values, critical thinking, or the common good. Tribal politics reinforces an “us vs. them” dynamic that can polarize communities and reduce openness to diverse perspectives. Tribal politics weakens communication and social well-being by promoting division, discouraging dialogue, and making it harder to build trust across differences.
Unchecked enthusiasm rooted in strong personal belief or commitment to a cause, project, or idea—often held without critical reflection. From a cognitive perspective, unbridled passion can lead to blind spots, such as confirmation bias, rigid thinking, or overconfidence in one's perspective. In occupational or team settings, unbridled passion can unintentionally hinder collaboration, limit openness to feedback, and create friction when individual conviction overshadows collective goals or diverse viewpoints.
The capacity to make sense of experiences by applying concepts, patterns, or frameworks—allowing individuals to organize information meaningfully and deepen their ability to learn, reflect, and grow. Understanding strengthens intellectual well-being by helping us connect ideas to real life, make informed choices, and find meaning in what we learn.
The intentional process of letting go of previously held knowledge, beliefs, or behaviors that no longer serve us—fostering openness to alternative ways of thinking and creating capacity for new understanding, generative learning, and growth. Unlearning is essential for adaptability—it challenges assumptions, expands perspective, and helps us stay responsive in a changing world.
A person’s overall orientation or standpoint toward events—shaped by culture, experience, and belief—that influences how they interpret the world, make meaning, and respond to challenges. A worldview is more than what we think—it reflects how we approach the world: with curiosity or caution, with trust or suspicion, and with a mindset of connection or separation. worldview plays a foundational role in shaping both implicit (unconscious) and explicit biases. It serves as the mental framework through which we interpret people, events, and information—often without realizing it.
A system of beliefs, practices, traditions, and rituals—often centered around a higher power or moral philosophy—that shapes culture, identity, and social norms. Religion provides shared structures for meaning-making, ethical guidance, and belonging through institutions, sacred texts, and communal worship. Religion is often organized through institutions that provide community, ritual, and moral teachings—but it may also carry dogma: authoritative beliefs that can define or limit spiritual expression.
A dynamic state of overall health in which individuals can meet their basic needs, manage life’s challenges, and feel a sense of purpose, connection, and satisfaction. Well-being includes physical, mental, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions—not just the absence of illness, but the presence of conditions that allow people to thrive. Well-being reflects how people experience and evaluate their lives—supported by both personal resilience and environmental conditions that foster dignity, equity, and opportunity.
A mindset or belief that in any situation, one person's gain must come at the expense of another’s loss—meaning the total "win" and "loss" balance out to zero. This way of thinking often fuels an "us vs. them" dynamic, especially in politics, where it frames issues as competitions with clear winners and losers rather than opportunities for shared progress. Such polarization can harm cultural well-being by deepening divisions, reducing trust, and undermining collaboration within communities.